Below you'll find some resources for logic, philosophy of language, and the history of philosophy (from antiquity to the twentieth century).
Logic
Introduction to Logic: Truth-Functional Logic, First-Order Logic
USC Logic Web: nicely presented, free online resource by Gabriel Uzquiano, Bryan Roberts, and Maegan Fairchild.
forall x: an excellent open access introductory textbook by P.D. Magnus available in PDF format.
This text has been modified and expanded in order to meet needs of other logic courses and so there are various versions or so-called 'remixes':
- forall x (Cambridge) [modification and expansion of P.D. Magnus's original text by Tim Button] (recommended)
- forall x (Lorain County) [modification and expansion of P.D. Magnus's original text by J. Robert Loftis]
- forall x (Calgary) [modification and expansion of P.D. Magnus's original text by R. Zach and A. Thomas-Bolduc]
History of Philosophy
Presocratics
Ionian Philosophy: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes
- Fragments [texts]
Xenophanes
- Fragments [texts]
Heraclitus
- Fragments [texts]
- Commentary, Kirk, Raven & Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (second edition), pp. 184-191 (purchase the book here)
Parmenides
- Fragments [texts]
- Parmenides fragments 1-8, Kirk, Raven & Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (second edition), pp. 245-253 [fragments, commentary] (purchase the book here) [NB: the Greek text of Fr. 8]
Zeno of Elea
- Fragments [texts]
- Zeno's Dichotomy Paradox, a YouTube video
Anaxagoras
- Fragments [texts]
Empedocles
- Fragments [texts]
Leucippus and Democritus
- Fragments [texts]
Protagoras
- Fragments [texts]
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